London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom.   It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for two millennia.   The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.   The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament.   Since the 19th century, the name "London" also refers to the metropolis around this core, historically split among the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised Greater London, which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.

As one of the world's major global cities, London exerts a strong influence on its arts, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications. Its GDP makes it the largest urban economy in Europe, and it is one of the major financial centres in the world.   With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions, it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.   London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world. The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.

London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages. London is Europe's third-most populous city, accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom and over 16% of the population of England.   The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous area in Europe.   The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, granting London the status of a megacity. London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925.

London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and also the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.   Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square.   London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.   Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon.   In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.

London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and is ranked as the most visited city in the world.   It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending.   Tourism is one of London's prime industries.   As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.   The top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London.   The top 10 most visited attractions were the: British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Southbank Centre, Tate Modern, Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Somerset House, Tower of London, and the National Portrait Gallery.   The City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.